One of the main excuses used for this data tampering is time of observation bias, which is based on the idea that people operating thermometers used to be complete morons, and would reset their min/max thermometers only once per day near the afternoon high. The theory says this caused high temperatures to be double counted on successive days.
That is easy enough to test, by using only stations which USHCN believes did not reset their thermometers during afternoon in the record hot month of July, 1936. These stations should be biased cold in the 1930’s rather than biased warm.
Those thermometers show exactly the same pattern as the set of all stations. There has been no warming in the US for nearly a century, and the 1930’s were warmer than the 1990’s
No matter how they try to hide or deny their data tampering, it isn’t legitimate. 100% of reported warming since 1990 is due to fake data.
Below is the list of stations which reset their temperatures at morning or night during July, 1936
FAIRHOPE 2 NE AL USC00012813 AJO AZ USC00020080 CHILDS AZ USC00021614 FT VALLEY AZ USC00023160 GRAND CANYON NP 2 AZ USC00023596 LEES FERRY AZ USC00024849 MIAMI AZ USC00025512 PARKER AZ USC00026250 PRESCOTT AZ USC00026796 ROOSEVELT 1 WNW AZ USC00027281 SACATON AZ USC00027370 SAFFORD AGRICULTRL C AZ USC00027390 SAINT JOHNS AZ USC00027435 TUCSON WFO AZ USC00028815 WICKENBURG AZ USC00029287 WILLIAMS AZ USC00029359 YUMA CITRUS STN AZ USC00029652 GRAVETTE AR USC00032930 BERKELEY CA USC00040693 BLYTHE CA USC00040924 CEDARVILLE CA USC00041614 CHULA VISTA CA USC00041758 CUYAMACA CA USC00042239 DAVIS 2 WSW EXP FARM CA USC00042294 FAIRMONT CA USC00042941 FARMVILLE 2 N VA USC00442941 HANFORD 1 S CA USC00043747 HEALDSBURG CA USC00043875 INDEPENDENCE CA USC00044232 LODI CA USC00045032 MERCED CA USC00045532 NEWPORT BEACH HARBOR CA USC00046175 ORLAND CA USC00046506 ORLEANS CA USC00046508 PASO ROBLES CA USC00046730 QUINCY CA USC00047195 SAN LUIS OBISPO POLY CA USC00047851 SUSANVILLE 2SW CA USC00048702 TAHOE CITY CA USC00048758 TEJON RANCHO CA USC00048839 TUSTIN IRVINE RCH CA USC00049087 WILLOWS 6 W CA USC00049699 YREKA CA USC00049866 FT COLLINS CO USC00053005 FT MORGAN CO USC00053038 TRINIDAD CO USC00058429 MILFORD 2 SE DE USC00075915 APALACHICOLA AIRPOR FL USC00080211 BARTOW FL USC00080478 BELLE GLADE FL USC00080611 FT LAUDERDALE FL USC00083163 FT PIERCE FL USC00083207 LAKE CITY 2 E FL USC00084731 OCALA FL USC00086414 PERRINE 4W FL USC00087020 TARPON SPGS SEWAGE P FL USC00088824 BAINBRIDGE INTL PAPE GA USC00090586 EASTMAN 1 W GA USC00092966 GLENNVILLE 3NW GA USC00093754 HAWKINSVILLE GA USC00094170 MILLEDGEVILLE GA USC00095874 NEWNAN 5N GA USC00096335 QUITMAN 2 NW GA USC00097276 TIFTON GA USC00098703 WEST POINT GA USC00099291 ARROWROCK DAM ID USC00100448 CAMBRIDGE ID USC00101408 DWORSHAK FISH HATCH ID USC00102845 FENN RS ID USC00103143 HOLLISTER ID USC00104295 KELLOGG ID USC00104831 OAKLEY ID USC00106542 PAYETTE ID USC00106891 SALMON-KSRA ID USC00108080 MCLEANSBORO IL USC00115515 WALNUT IL USC00118916 DELPHI 2 N IN USC00122149 PAOLI IN USC00126705 SALEM IN USC00127755 SHOALS 8 S IN USC00128036 CHARLES CITY IA USC00131402 FOREST CITY 2 NNE IA USC00132977 COLUMBUS KS USC00141740 INDEPENDENCE KS USC00143954 SAINT FRANCIS KS USC00147093 WAKEENEY KS USC00148495 FRANKFORT DOWNTOWN KY USC00153028 ALEXANDRIA LA USC00160098 BASTROP LA USC00160537 PLAIN DEALING 4 W LA USC00167344 EASTPORT ME USC00172426 LEWISTON ME USC00174566 WOODLAND ME USC00179891 CUMBERLAND 2 MD USC00182282 MILLINGTON 1 SE MD USC00185985 PRINCESS ANNE MD USC00187330 AMHERST MA USC00190120 BEDFORD MA USC00190535 GREAT BARRINGTON 2N MA USC00193213 LAWRENCE MA USC00194105 PLYMOUTH-KINGSTON MA USC00196486 ALLEGAN 5NE MI USC00200128 FAYETTE 4 SW MI USC00202737 MIDLAND MI USC00205434 CHASKA MN USC00211465 DETROIT LAKES 1 NNE MN USC00212142 MORRIS WC EXP STN MN USC00215638 NEW ULM 2 SE MN USC00215887 PIPESTONE MN USC00216565 CANTON 4N MS USC00221389 GREENVILLE MS USC00223605 KOSCIUSKO MS USC00224776 NATCHEZ MS USC00226177 PONTOTOC EXP STN MS USC00227111 STATE UNIV MS USC00228374 APPLETON CITY MO USC00230204 CLINTON MO USC00231711 FARMINGTON MO USC00232809 JEFFERSON CITY WTP MO USC00234271 LAMAR 2W MO USC00234705 LEBANON 2W MO USC00234825 LEES SUMMIT REED WR MO USC00234850 LEXINGTON 3E MO USC00234904 MEXICO MO USC00235541 MOBERLY MO USC00235671 MTN GROVE 2 N MO USC00235834 SPICKARD 7 W MO USC00237963 UNIONVILLE MO USC00238523 ANACONDA MT USC00240199 CHINOOK MT USC00241722 FORKS 4 NNE MT USC00243089 FT ASSINNIBOINE MT USC00243110 FORTINE 1 N MT USC00243139 HUNTLEY EXP STN MT USC00244345 KALISPELL GLACIER AP MT USC00244558 MOCCASIN EXP STN MT USC00245761 PLEVNA MT USC00246601 ALLIANCE 1WNW NE USC00250130 ATKINSON 3SW NE USC00250420 BEATRICE 1N NE USC00250622 BROKEN BOW 2 W NE USC00251200 CRETE NE USC00252020 FAIRBURY 5S NE USC00252820 FAIRMONT NE USC00252840 FRANKLIN NE USC00253035 IMPERIAL NE USC00254110 LODGEPOLE NE USC00254900 NORTH LOUP NE USC00256040 OAKDALE NE USC00256135 PURDUM NE USC00256970 WEEPING WATER NE USC00259090 AUSTIN #2 NV USC00260507 FALLON EXP STN NV USC00262780 MCGILL NV USC00264950 MINA NV USC00265168 WELLS NV USC00268988 BOONTON 1 SE NJ USC00280907 INDIAN MILLS 2 W NJ USC00284229 MOORESTOWN NJ USC00285728 FT SUMNER NM USC00293294 LAS VEGAS WWTP NM USC00294862 MTN PARK NM USC00295960 TUCUMCARI 4 NE NM USC00299156 TULAROSA NM USC00299165 BATAVIA NY USC00300443 ELMIRA NY USC00302610 GLENHAM NY USC00303259 INDIAN LAKE 2SW NY USC00304102 ITHACA CORNELL UNIV NY USC00304174 LAKE PLACID 2 S NY USC00304555 LOWVILLE NY USC00304912 OSWEGO EAST NY USC00306314 SETAUKET STRONG NY USC00307633 STILLWATER RSVR NY USC00308248 TROY L D NY USC00308600 TUPPER LAKE SUNMOUNT NY USC00308631 WALDEN 1 ESE NY USC00308906 WALES NY USC00308910 WEST POINT NY USC00309292 YORKTOWN HEIGHTS 1W NY USC00309670 ALBEMARLE NC USC00310090 ELIZABETH CITY NC USC00312719 KINSTON 7 SE NC USC00314684 SMITHFIELD NC USC00317994 TARBORO 1 S NC USC00318500 WAYNESVILLE 1 E NC USC00319147 BOTTINEAU ND USC00320941 CROSBY ND USC00321871 DICKINSON EXP STN ND USC00322188 DUNN CENTER 1E ND USC00322365 FT YATES 4 SW ND USC00323207 FULLERTON 1 ESE ND USC00323287 JAMESTOWN STATE HOSP ND USC00324418 LANGDON EXP FARM ND USC00324958 LISBON ND USC00325220 MANDAN EXP STN ND USC00325479 NAPOLEON ND USC00326255 NEW ENGLAND ND USC00326315 RICHARDTON ABBEY ND USC00327530 FINDLAY WPCC OH USC00332791 HILLSBORO OH USC00333758 BEND OR USC00350694 BROOKINGS 2 SE OR USC00351055 CONDON OR USC00351765 FREMONT 5 NW OR USC00353095 HEPPNER OR USC00353827 MC MINNVILLE OR USC00355384 PILOT ROCK 1 SE OR USC00356634 ROSEBURG KQEN OR USC00357331 TILLAMOOK OR USC00358494 VALE OR USC00358797 FRANKLIN PA USC00363028 NEW CASTLE 1 N PA USC00366233 PALMERTON PA USC00366689 READING 4 NNW PA USC00367322 RIDGWAY PA USC00367477 STROUDSBURG PA USC00368596 ANDERSON SC USC00380165 CHERAW SC USC00381588 COLUMBIA UNIV OF SC SC USC00381944 CONWAY SC USC00381997 DARLINGTON SC USC00382260 GREENWOOD SC USC00383754 KINGSTREE SC USC00384753 ORANGEBURG 2 SC USC00386527 SUMMERVILLE 4W SC USC00388426 YEMASSEE SC USC00389469 DUPREE SD USC00392429 FAULKTON 1 NW SD USC00392927 FORESTBURG 4 NNE SD USC00393029 GANN VALLEY 4NW SD USC00393217 MILBANK 4 NW SD USC00395536 OAHE DAM SD USC00396170 RAPID CITY 4NW SD USC00396947 COPPERHILL TN USC00402024 CROSSVILLE ED RESE TN USC00402202 DOVER 1 W TN USC00402589 MURFREESBORO 5 N TN USC00406371 NEWPORT 1 NW TN USC00406534 UNION CITY TN USC00409219 ALBANY TX USC00410120 ALICE TX USC00410144 ALPINE TX USC00410174 BALLINGER 2 NW TX USC00410493 BALMORHEA TX USC00410498 BLANCO TX USC00410832 BOYS RANCH TX USC00411000 BRENHAM TX USC00411048 BROWNWOOD 2ENE TX USC00411138 CATARINA TX USC00411528 CORSICANA TX USC00412019 CROSBYTON TX USC00412121 DANEVANG 1 W TX USC00412266 DUBLIN 2SE TX USC00412598 EAGLE PASS 3N TX USC00412679 ENCINAL TX USC00412906 FALFURRIAS TX USC00413063 GREENVILLE KGVL RADI TX USC00413734 HASKELL TX USC00413992 LAMPASAS TX USC00415018 LLANO TX USC00415272 LULING TX USC00415429 MCCAMEY TX USC00415707 MEXIA TX USC00415869 MIAMI TX USC00415875 MULESHOE #1 TX USC00416135 NEW BRAUNFELS TX USC00416276 PECOS TX USC00416892 QUANAH 2 SW TX USC00417336 RIO GRANDE CITY TX USC00417622 SNYDER TX USC00418433 TEMPLE TX USC00418910 WEATHERFORD TX USC00419532 ALTON UT USC00420086 DESERET UT USC00422101 ESCALANTE UT USC00422592 FILLMORE UT USC00422828 FT DUCHESNE UT USC00422996 HEBER UT USC00423809 LEVAN UT USC00425065 LOGAN UTAH ST UNIV UT USC00425186 PANGUITCH UT USC00426601 ST GEORGE UT USC00427516 SCIPIO UT USC00427714 UTAH LAKE LEHI UT USC00428973 BREMO BLUFF VA USC00440993 CHARLOTTESVILLE 2W VA USC00441593 DALE ENTERPRISE VA USC00442208 PENNINGTON GAP VA USC00446626 PIEDMONT RSCH STN VA USC00446712 ROCKY MT VA USC00447338 STAUNTON WATER TRMTM VA USC00448062 WILLIAMSBURG 2 N VA USC00449151 BLAINE WA USC00450729 CEDAR LAKE WA USC00451233 LONG BEACH EXP STN WA USC00454748 ODESSA WA USC00456039 POMEROY WA USC00456610 PORT ANGELES WA USC00456624 PULLMAN 2 NW WA USC00456789 RAYMOND 2 S WA USC00456914 RITZVILLE 1 SSE WA USC00457059 SUNNYSIDE WA USC00458207 WATERVILLE WA USC00459012 WENATCHEE WA USC00459074 WILBUR WA USC00459238 SPENCER WV USC00468384 HANCOCK EXP FARM WI USC00473405 MANITOWOC WI USC00475017 ALTA 1 NNW WY USC00480140 COLONY WY USC00481905 GREEN RIVER WY USC00484065 MIDWEST WY USC00486195 NEWCASTLE WY USC00486660 SARATOGA WY USC00487990 SHERIDAN FLD STA WY USC00488160 WORLAND WY USC00489770 YELLOWSTONE PK MAMMO WY USC00489905
Very nice! I can’t wait for the response from the minor league team. 😉
What does “measured adjusted temperatures” mean? Sound like an oxymoron.
NOAA and everyone involved in collections of temperatures for the last 10-15 years has know about the TOB in the collections and have altered the time of collections. So why does NOAA still add degrees of temperature to their data sets to account for TOB
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/ushcn/ushcn.html#QUAL
The last chart says it all showing the, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAW AND FINAL USHCN DATA SETS. Which matches the increase in global warming.
I forgot NOAA must be getting worse at reading temperatures because they have to adjust more as the equipment gets newer, in the 20’s’and 30’s the didn’t add much to the adjustment numbers it isn’t till the 80’s and 90’s that they are having to increase the adjustment by almost .6 degrees.
October 2, 1997 – NASA touts “Accurate Thermometers in Space”
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1997/essd06oct97_1/
Another killer posting.They wont like this one LOL
I looked at the TOBS question to satisfy my own curiosity. This is what I found:
http://climate.n0gw.net/TOBS.pdf
As I said below the accuracy was not 1-2 degrees F but 0.5 F per analysis done in 1918 by Willis Isbister Milham. The best results with the most accurate equipment available was 0.1 F.
Also there were 200 professionally run stations that took readings more often than once a day. These stations recorded a continuous thermograph record with a Richard Freres thermograph in addition to the twice daily recordings. Therefore there are at least 200 records available that need no adjustment and against which the adjustments can be compared.
Gail,
Yes, I have a copy of Milham’s paper. It is really great at providing a historic perspective on meteorology and instrumentation. However, the 0.5 degrees Farhenheit accuracy value shows up only once and while referring to the use of and appropriate shelter: “It has been found as a result of many experiments that the indication of the thermometer in such as shelter usually gives the real air temperature correct to within half a degree.” The shelter he was discussing was similar to a Stevenson Screen.
Were Milham’s statement true, then the sometimes multiple degree differences between electronic MMTS and the old min/max LIG systems would indicate the new systems are quite inaccurate. However, the correct perspective is simply that it is difficult to get consistent and accurate air temperature readings and claiming +/- 0.5 degree F accuracy was a bit too optimistic.
It would be nice if you could let us amateurs know how to get a copies of those 200 thermograph based records. I sure have not even heard that such a database was available.
Gary
If Tobs was an issue, wouldn’t it show up as record temps being repeated the next day?
TOBS is a complete fallacy. As long as the reading is done at the same time each day you are getting the readings for a 24 hour time period. The same type of reasoning can be applied to taking the reading first thing in the morning. You will double count an extreme low for two days. Actually reading in the morning is more likely to cause a double count error since the lowest temperature occurs after sunrise.
Also no one is going to stop what he is doing in the middle of the afternoon to read a thermometer. It is going to be read right before or right after supper. Second it is waiting too long after the heat of the day that gives false readings.
1892 Instruction Manual for Observers
So the error is likely to be reading too low and not reading too high.
Meteorology: A Text-book on the Weather, the Causes of Its Changes, and Weather Forecasting By Willis Isbister Milham 1918
Therefore the data should be available to determine if the temperature has started to fall from the high of the day and by how much.
There are also other cross checks on the temperature data. Plants: The Köppen Climate Classification
Check out the bottom graph which shows plant movement by decade.
http://www.sturmsoft.com/climate/suckling_mitchell_2000_fig2_3.gif
Study finds stream temperatures don’t parallel warming climate trend
Gee, guys maybe the stream temperatures do not match the GISS adjusted temperatures because the adjustments are bogus!
http://rankexploits.com/musings/2010/a-cooling-bias-due-to-mmts/
Found this. Here Zeke and Mosher have a problem.
The older CRS sensors show a higher Max temp. compared to the newer MMTS sensors and they blame TOBS…
When the Stewenson Sceen is new then all is fine, but it will sone have some dirt and dust on it and eventually some paint will fall off. Anyone with knowledge in Science knows that this will influence the temperature inside the Screen, well except Zeke and Mosher. So what do they do? They of course increase the readings from the MMTS sensors so that they are in line with the CRS sensors. They correction is not small 0,5 degree C. As a former board member of the Royal Institute Of Technology here is Stockholm I feel ashame about guys like Mosher and Zeke. At least they should admit that this is a problem, but they do not.
Please change my nickname in my earlier name to Morgan in Sweden, Do not want my real name to be out there, I am the only one with that name so nowhere to hide. And remove this reply as well.
Late, but take a look at Zeke’s explanation http://judithcurry.com/2015/02/22/understanding-time-of-observation-bias/#comment-677233
Are they really that simple minded?
Zeke and Mosher are paid propagandists. Unfortunately they still have A.W. bamboozled.
Absolutely right, Gail. If I’d have tried crap like that at the Cow College in Raleigh 40 years ago, they would have suggested I find something more suited to my very limited talents. I’m willing to bet now that the believers have taken over.
I just found out that the “Cow College” I went to has a prof who is one of the ones on the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC). That committee came up with the recommendation that America Should Adopt a ‘Plant-Based’ Diet. It recommends taxes on dessert, trained obesity “interventionists” at schools and worksites, and electronic monitoring of how long Americans sit in front of the television or computer. The new Food Safety Modernization Act and Obummercare will be used as the weapons to ‘transform’ American dietary habits. to a more sustainable pattern of eating.
This load of Bovine Feces is straight out of the mouth of Maurice Strong:
In 1992, As Chairman Strong told the UN conference at Kyoto…
The same propaganda was repeated by WTO Director-General Pascal Lamy…
It is being ‘presented as a health issue by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee as the excuse to ram radical changes down the throats of Americans.
However it has nothing to do with health. There is certainly a lot of information in the scientific literature that shows humans need meat especially early in life if the brain is to develop fully. For example: Role of red meat in the diet for children and adolescents
The US governments concern for the health of Americans does not play given the FDA has routinely over looked “…significant departures from good clinical practice, such as underreporting of adverse events, violations of protocol, violations of recruitment guidelines, and various forms of scientific misconduct…. or submission of false information… The FDA does not typically notify journals …nor make any announcement intended to alert the public about the research misconduct that it finds. The documents the agency discloses [FOIA] tend to be heavily redacted. As a result, it is usually very difficult, or even impossible, to determine which published clinical trials are implicated by the FDA’s allegations of research misconduct.” — Research Misconduct Identified by the US Food and Drug Administration
In an article for Slate, study author Charles Seife said the FDA repeatedly hides evidence of fraud from both the public and trusted scientific advisers. In at least one case, falsified data in a trial comparing chemotherapies led to a patient’s death.
Nor does concern for public health play given the USDA recent conduct. The Government Accountability Project – “Shielding the Giant, USDA’s ‘Don’t Look, Don’t Know’ Policy” report shows the USDA routinely hid the fact they KNEW Con-agra was shipping E. coli O157:H7 laced meats. It wasn’t until John Munsell forced the issue that the extent of the problem was finally disclosed to the public. Unfortunately the damage was already done to the reputation of farmers and the Ag Cartel dominated USDA/FDA and World Trade Organization got their much wanted Food Safety Modernization Act past Congress.
So why are Americans suddenly about to be forced into a change in eating habits?
A year ago the chair of DGAC told us why and it has NOTHING to do with health and everything to do with Agenda 21 aka Sustainability. She said:
That statement certainly sounds like the DGAC is more concerned with Sustainability than with the health of Americans. The Chair goes on to say.
So beef production, not the health of Americans are the ‘greatest concern’ Gee thanks for telling us that up front.
On top of that is this article: Hospitals to begin monitoring your credit card purchases to flag ‘unhealthy’ habits
WTF!!! Is this the USA?
And just to give you the warm fuzzies, Why Is the USDA Buying Submachine Guns with 30-Round Magazines? Are those bullets for our livestock or for us farmers.
…………
A list of the committee members is given in a comment by Not so silent on I Hate The Media
The US governments concern for the health of Americans does not play given the FDA has routinely over looked “…significant departures from good clinical practice, such as underreporting of adverse events, violations of protocol, violations of recruitment guidelines, and various forms of scientific misconduct…. or submission of false information… The FDA does not typically notify journals …nor make any announcement intended to alert the public about the research misconduct that it finds. The documents the agency discloses [FOIA] tend to be heavily redacted. As a result, it is usually very difficult, or even impossible, to determine which published clinical trials are implicated by the FDA’s allegations of research misconduct.” — Research Misconduct Identified by the US Food and Drug Administration
In an article for Slate, study author Charles Seife said the FDA repeatedly hides evidence of fraud from both the public and trusted scientific advisers. In at least one case, falsified data in a trial comparing chemotherapies led to a patient’s death.
Nor does concern for public health play given the USDA recent conduct. The Government Accountability Project – “Shielding the Giant, USDA’s ‘Don’t Look, Don’t Know’ Policy” report shows the USDA routinely hid the fact they KNEW Con-agra was shipping E. coli O157:H7 laced meats. It wasn’t until John Munsell forced the issue that the extent of the problem was finally disclosed to the public. Unfortunately the damage was already done to the reputation of farmers and the Ag Cartel dominated USDA/FDA and World Trade Organization got their much wanted Food Safety Modernization Act past Congress.
So why are Americans suddenly about to be forced into a change in eating habits?
A year ago the chair of DGAC told us why and it has NOTHING to do with health and everything to do with Agenda 21 aka Sustainability. She said:
That statement certainly sounds like the DGAC is more concerned with Sustainability than with the health of Americans. The Chair goes on to say.
So beef production, not the health of Americans are the ‘greatest concern’ Gee thanks for telling us that up front.
I have yet to dig out the actual report or where the public can comment but this is the news report on the 2015 Dietary Guidelines.
On top of the report above, there is this article: Hospitals to begin monitoring your credit card purchases to flag ‘unhealthy’ habits
WTF!?! Do we still live in the USA?
And just to give you the warm fuzzies, Why Is the USDA Buying Submachine Guns with 30-Round Magazines? Are those bullets for our livestock or for us farmers.
…………
An alleged list of the committee members is given in a comment by Not so silent on I Hate The Media
GRUMmble, my reply went into moderation (no surprise) so instead of bothering tony I will cut it up to get around the guard dogs.
…………
I just found out that the “Cow College” I went to has a prof who is one of the ones on the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC). That committee came up with the recommendation that America Should Adopt a ‘Plant-Based’ Diet. It recommends taxes on dessert, trained obesity “interventionists” at schools and worksites, and electronic monitoring of how long Americans sit in front of the television or computer. The new Food Safety Modernization Act and Obummercare will be used as the weapons to ‘transform’ American dietary habits. to a more sustainable pattern of eating.
This load of Bovine Feces is straight out of the mouth of Maurice Strong:
In 1992, As Chairman Strong told the UN conference at Kyoto…
The same propaganda was repeated by WTO Director-General Pascal Lamy…
It is being ‘presented as a health issue by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee as the excuse to ram radical changes down the throats of Americans.
However it has nothing to do with health. There is certainly a lot of information in the scientific literature that shows humans need meat especially early in life if the brain is to develop fully. For example: Role of red meat in the diet for children and adolescents
I’m sure those folks live the simple life they wish on the rest of us. Until I was 10 I lived in a house that had no insulation and no heat on the second floor. It doesn’t get that cold in Eastern NC but I remember snow blowing through the windows and not melting on the bedcovers a couple times. We had indoor plumbing which most of my relatives didn’t. I’ve lived the low-carbon, sustainable lifestyle and could do it again. But like the generation before me, I prefer those unsustainable creature comforts.